MOTIVATION:
1.为什么听别人讲论文比读一篇论文要难？
2.如何更好的学习？
METHODOLOGY:
学习如何学习的文章，改进自己的学习方法。
RESULT:
有效果。体现在：
1、抓住了MOTIVATION,METHODOLOGY和RESULT，清楚知道了logical flow。
2、如何读paper：先题目和概要。review一下。跳过Introduction，看Results，（要看细节再回去看Materials和Methods）然后看对Results的Discussion（看看finding是什么）。
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Learning How to Learn
Key Point: Habits can be the best of friends or the worst of enemies.
Reference: http://www.marin.cc.ca.us/~don/Study/3learning.html
Try to complete the learning cycle - For most courses, the learning cycle goes like this:
* Memorize new information, rules and concepts - often tedious and boring.从概念学起。
* Assimilate and organize this information - often hard, but interesting.从无序到有序。
* Use this information to analyze, synthesize and problem-solve - often difficult, but satisfying.从抽象到具体。
* Incorporate this information into evaluations, judgments and predictions - often powerful and exhilarating.
学习的cycle，对于学习，有没有一个清醒的认识，是一个怎么样的过程？
这里说的也许并不是完全适用的，从实际看，自己的经验，对比这里的经验，学习是什么样的过程？
学一门新的课：从概念开始学，学习一些性质和定理，学习一些例子，练习（应用一下学到的知识）。
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How to Read a Scientific Paper
Reference: http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc568/papers.htm
1. How are papers organized?
In most scientific journals, scientific papers follow a standard format. They are divided into several sections, and each section serves a specific purpose in the paper.
要知道每一部分的目的是什么，这样读起来更有针对性。（为什么听能听懂，读的话读不懂，一个原因就是对论文的每一部分是干什么不了解。）
A paper begins with a short Summary or Abstract. Generally, it gives a brief background to the topic; describes concisely the major findings of the paper; and relates these findings to the field of study. As will be seen, this logical order is also that of the paper as a whole.
Abstract是很重要的。从Abstract里面把握文章的脉络。
2.How do I prepare to read a paper, particularly in an area not so familiar to me?
Although it is tempting to read the paper straight through as you would do with most text, it is more efficient to organize the way you read.
Generally, you first read the Abstract in order to understand the major points of the work.
One extremely useful habit in reading a paper is to read the Title and the Abstract and, before going on, review in your mind what you know about the topic. This serves several purposes. First, it clarifies whether you in fact know enough background to appreciate the paper. If not, you might choose to read the background in a review or textbook, as appropriate.Second, it refreshes your memory about the topic. Third, and perhaps most importantly, it helps you as the reader integrate the new information into your previous knowledge about the topic. That is, it is used as a part of the self-education process that any professional must continue throughout his/her career.
If you are very familiar with the field, the Introduction can be skimmed or even skipped.
the logical flow of most papers goes straight from the Introduction to Results; accordingly, the paper should be read in that way as well, skipping Materials and Methods and referring back to this section as needed to clarify what was actually done. A reader familiar with the field who is interested in a particular point given in the Abstract often skips directly to the relevant section of the Results, and from there to the Discussion for interpretation of the findings. This is only easy to do if the paper is organized properly.
先题目和概要。review一下。跳过Introduction，看Results，（要看细节再回去看Materials和Methods）然后看对Results的Discussion（看看finding是什么）。
3. What difficulties can I expect?
One major problem is that many papers are poorly written. Some scientists are poor writers. Many others do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure that the prose is clear and logical. Also, the author is typically so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and see it from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic and for whom the paper is just another of a large stack of papers that need to be read.
4. How do I understand and evaluate the contents of the paper?
a. What questions does the paper address?讲paper的分类，原文讲生物学方面的分类，补充计算机方面的分类。
补充：how (and how not) to write a good systems paper
Reference: http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=378267.378283&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE
Classes of Papers
Your paper will probably fall naturally into one of three categories:
* It presents a real system, either by a global survey of an entire system or by a selective examination of specific themes embodied in the system.
* It presents a system that is unimplemented but utilizes ideas or techniques that you feel the technical community should know.
* It addresses a topic in the theoretical areas, for example, performance modelling or security verification.
b. What are the main conclusions of the paper?
c. What evidence supports those conclusions?
Generally, you can get a pretty good idea about this from the Results section.
In any case, you need to be sure that you understand the relationship between the data and the conclusions.
d. Do the data actually support the conclusions?
One major advantage of doing this is that it helps you to evaluate whether the conclusion is sound.
e. What is the quality of the evidence?
This is the hardest question to answer, for novices and experts alike. At the same time, it is one of the most important skills to learn as a young scientist. It involves a major reorientation from being a relatively passive consumer of information and ideas to an active producer and critical evaluator of them. This is not easy and takes years to master. Beginning scientists often wonder, "Who am I to question these authorities? After all the paper was published in a top journal, so the authors must have a high standing, and the work must have received a critical review by experts." Unfortunately, that's not always the case. In any case, developing your ability to evaluate evidence is one of the hardest and most important aspects of learning to be a critical scientist and reader.
独立思考的能力。
How can you evaluate the evidence?
First, you need to understand thoroughly the methods used in the experiments.
Second, you need to know the limitations of the methodology.Every method has limitations, and if the experiments are not done correctly they can't be interpreted.采用的方法会有局限。（采用某种实验方法，这种实验方法的局限性。）
Third, you need to distinguish between what the data show and what the authors say they show.
Fourth, it is often helpful to look at the original journal (or its electronic counterpart) instead of a photocopy.
f. Why are the conclusions important?
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How to Read an Engineering Research Paper
Reference: http://www.cs.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE210/howtoread.html
To develop an effective reading style for research papers, it can help to know two things: what you should get out of the paper, and where that information is located in the paper.
Because of the repetition in these papers at different levels of detail and from different perspectives, it may be desirable, to read the paper ``out of order'' or to skip certain sections. More on this below.
The questions you want to have answered by reading a paper are the following:
What is the proposed solution?
What is the work's evaluation of the proposed solution?
Presumably, the introduction should provide motivation. The introduction and conclusion may discuss the solutions and evaluation at a high level. Future work is likely in the concluding part of the paper. The details of the solution and the evaluation should be in the body of the paper. You may find it productive to try to answer each question in turn, writing your answer down.
1.每部分都讲什么。
2.不仅要问问题，而且要确认找到了问题的答案。把它写下来。
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我从事科学研究工作的体会
Reference: http://faculty.math.tsinghua.edu.cn/~jzhou/%CE%D2%B4%D3%CA%C2%BF%C6%D1%A7%D1%D0%BE%BF%B9%A4%D7%F7%B5%C4%CC%E5%BB%E1.htm
这是华罗庚先生的文章。
我仍是一个年青的科学工作者，工作虽有一些，但就整个的一生来说，还仅仅是开始，新经验还不断地在被发现，旧办法也不断地在修正和否定；所以，很可能我今天所说的，在将来看来是极肤浅甚至于是错误的，当然更不要谈到它的完整性了.
学习只意味着终身进步。
科学研究要有坚实的基础
嗯。基础。不要心急，对基础的东西要扎实的学好。为什么说今天开发者日听的东西里面觉得那个machine learning的收获最大。因为这个是基础的，fundamental的。当然，如果想要去做企业，也许重要的是找到和实际的结合点，把知识转化成生产力这点更有经济效益。
所谓"真懂"，其中当然包括搞懂书本上的逻辑推理，但更重要的还要包括以下一些 内容：必须设身处地地想，在没有这定律(或定理)之前，如果我要发现这一条定律(或定 理)是否可能.如果可能，那是经过怎样的实践和思维过程获得它的.不消说，在研究证明 的时候，更重要的是了解其中的中心环节.因为对中心环节的了解，有时可以把这证明或 这定理显示得又直觉又简单.同时真正了解一本书或一章书的中心环节，对了解全部内容 也往往是带有决定性的作用的.不但如此，它还可以帮助记忆，因为由了解而被记忆的东 西比逐字逐句的记忆更深刻，更不易忘掉；而逐字逐句的记忆法，如果忘掉一字一句就有 极大的可能使全局皆非.
要"真懂"，了解其中的中心环节。中心环节是又直觉又简单的。Think true.
学完一本书(或一篇文章)之后，还必须做些解剖工作.对其中特别重要的结论，必须 分析它所依赖的是本书上的哪些知识.很可能一条定律是写在第二百五十页上的，但实际 上所需要的仅仅是其前的散见各处的二三十页.这种分析工作做得愈透彻，在做研究工作 时就运用得愈方便.在研究中可能遇到同第二百五十页相仿佛的问题，如果没有做过解剖 工作的人在解决这样问题时，就会牵涉到二百五十页的考虑，而做过解剖工作的人，他只 须考虑二三十页就可以了.
要把中心思想提纲挈领出来。
也许有人说，以上所说的很多是大学教师授课时所应当注意之点.是的.大学教师应当 把中心环节的指点说明提高到逐字逐句讲解之上，要把内容全面讲解清楚，而不要在枝节 上兜圈子.应当把本门学科和其他相邻学科的关键讲解清楚.但最主要的还是要依靠自己， 因为教师能指点的总是十分有限的，而我们可以自己了解的及需要我们自己去了解的，却 是无穷无尽的.
注意："但最主要的还是要依靠自己， 因为教师能指点的总是十分有限的，而我们可以自己了解的及需要我们自己去了解的，却 是无穷无尽的."要主动去学习。这样才能学得更好。
专 业是不可不固定的(至少在某一阶段相当长的一个时期内不要任意转移)；但是也不要放弃 任何可以扩大眼界、扩大研究领域的机会.
这个矛盾的关系也要处理好，如果说有个度的话，自己的专业要花80%，相关专业花10%，其他花10%。当然再让实践来检验一下。
由于科学的本质和它在历史上发展的过程，我们可以体会到科学乃是逐步深入、乃至 无限深入的.由于科学是千变万化的，因之往往每去掉一层障碍就发现一些真理.在突破这 层层障碍的时候，往往要用和已往迥然不同的新的独创的方法，才能获得成功；所以科学 上的不断进展，是必须依靠独创精神的.也许如此说并不是过分的，独立思考是取得正确 认识的必要方法，也是科学中克服困难的不二法门.很多例子可以说明：有些大学生在学 校中功课学得很好，在教师指导下也是优等学生，但一旦离开教师参加工作，就停滞不前 ，遇到困难便束手无策.这种现象就是由于只跟教师学得了若干知识，而并没有获得独立 思考的本领之故.
独立思考。
独立思考和不接受前人的成就是毫无共同之点的.如果有人认为研究工作是独创性的 ，只要独立深思，不需要多读书、多接受前人的经验，也不需要依靠群众，这看法也是错 误的.这样的看法会把人引入前人已走过的失败的道路，因而白费精力.以数学上的"三分 角"为例吧.由于无知，有些人还硬想用圆规和直尺来三分任意角，这便是精力浪费.因为 三分任意角是中世纪的著名难题.但今天已经完全解决了(即已证明用圆规、直尺三分任意 角是不可能的).如果我们不肯接受前人成果，仍把自己的知识停滞在中世纪的水准上，盲 目地来进行这种无益的研究，当然就无怪乎要和中世纪的"三分角家"一样地浪费精力了 ！ 独立思考和不需要导师也是并不相容的.优良的导师有无数成功的和失败的经验，特 别是后者，往往是在书本上不易找到的――因为书本上仅仅记录了成功的创作，而很少记 录下在发明之前无数次失败和无数次逐步推进的艰苦思索过程.而优良的导师正如航行的 领航者一样，他可以告诉你哪儿有礁石，哪儿是航道.但是有一点必须指出，不独立思考 ，一味依赖导师也是要不得的.因为导师也有主观或思索不到之处.另一方面，没有导师也 不必自馁.照我个人的经验，由于自修的关系，我对中学、大学程度的知识都进行了研究 ，当然花费了不少的时间和精力，但我并不后悔，因为在今天，在我的研究工作中所以能 够自如地运用任何初等数学部分，都不能不归功于我早年的关于初等数学的研究功夫.同 时，每一个初走上研究道路的同志还必须看到，由于我国科学工作的幼稚，能胜任的导师 是不很多的.所以，我们必须坚强地树立起：有优良导师我们跟着他较快地爬过一段山路 ，再独立前进；如果没有，我们便应当随时随刻地准备着披荆斩棘地奋勇前进！
最先应当提出的一点：就是不要轻视容易解决的问题和忽视点滴工作.科学之所以得 有今日，并不是由于极少数的天才一步登天般地创造出来的，而是由于积累，长期的一点 一滴地积累而得来的；所以，尽管是一点一滴，也不应该忽视.因为江河之形成正是由于 点滴的聚汇且任何一个成功的科学工作，如果分析一下，都是由于不少步骤所组成的.由 第一步看第二步，是容易的，较直觉的；由前一步看后一步，也莫不如此.但是，一连若 干步贯穿起来，这便成为一件烦难而深入的工作了.所以如果任何人轻视在科学实践中的 点滴工作，也便一定不会有较大的创造发明.
雄心是要有的，但更重要的是步步可行的计划，不要一开始就抱着"一鸣惊人"的思 想.必须认识，在科学中出类拔萃的工作固然重要，但大量的平凡的工作也是推进科学进 展的重要部分.
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How to Learn More and Study Less
Reference: http://zenhabits.net/2007/09/how-to-learn-more-and-study-less/
Holistic Learning
Smart people don't just learn better. They learn differently. While many students get caught up in memorizing facts, intelligent learners know to seek the bigger picture and connect the facts together. This form of learning I call holistic learning.
注意整体和部分的关系。当然，记忆还是必须的。要记住中心环节。记住，要记住，要记住中心环节，要真懂。
这部分自己做得还好。略读是没有问题的。现在的需求是要深入进去，抓住最难的东西。找找其他资料。
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Learning to learn
Reference: http://www.studygs.net/metacognition.htm
Your path for most effective learning is through knowing
* yourself
* your capacity to learn
* the process you have successfully used in the past
* your interest in, and knowledge of, the subject you wish to learn
认识你自己！
Begin by printing this and answering the questions.
Then plan your strategy with your answers, and with other "Study Guides"
Begin with the past
What was your experience about how you learn? Did you
* like to read? solve problems? memorize? recite? interpret? speak to groups?
very much. not much. no. no. no. no.
* know how to summarize?
much better than before. still to be improved.
* ask questions about what you studied?
sometimes
* review?
sometimes
* have access to information from a variety of sources?
yes, owe thanks to the Web and the lab.
* like quiet or study groups?
first quiet, then groups
* need several brief study sessions, or one longer one?
What are your study habits? How did they evolve? Which worked best? worst?
最好的习惯是review，不管是对书本、魔兽、游泳、架子鼓还是其他，但是有的时候做得不够。
最差的习惯是memorize，不能很好的记忆。没有有目的的去记最重要的中心环节的习惯。
How did you communicate what you learned best? Through a written test, a term paper, an interview?
以前是test，填鸭，考的是机械记忆。现在应该是paper,因为在锻炼语言组织和逻辑思维能力。interview有难度。（要加强）
Proceed to the present
How interested am I in this?
有兴趣，但是兴趣比较广，宽的对事物感兴趣的概念，不是对某一个特别感兴趣。
How much time do I want to spend learning this?
full time, >10h/day
What competes for my attention?
体系结构，选这个方向是对的。
Are the circumstances right for success?
应该是的。
What can I control, and what is outside my control?
Can I change these conditions for success?
What affects my dedication to learning this?
Do I have a plan? Does my plan consider my past experience and learning style?
yes, but not sound enough, maybe. kind of, 看来确实是需要改进一下learning和plan
Consider the process, the subject matter
As I study, do I ask myself whether I understand?
yes.
Should I go more quickly or more slowly?
quickly to get a bigger picture, slowly to get the detail. slowly的时候注意，是在读哪一部分，获取的是什么detail。
If I don't understand, do I ask why?
not much.
Do I stop and summarize?
sometimes
Do I stop and ask whether it's logical?
not much
Do I stop and evaluate (agree/disagree)?
rarely
Do I just need time to think it over and return later?
Do I need to discuss it with other "learners" in order to process the information?
Do I need to find an authority, such as a teacher, a librarian, or a subject-matter expert?
learn from others
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